PDX1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In a second candidate gene study, the same authors showed increased DNA methylation of ten CpG sites in the distal pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) promoter and enhancer regions and decreased PDX-1 gene expression in pancreatic islets from patients with T2D (n = 9) compared to non-diabetic donors (n = 55) [101].