AKT1 and breast carcinoma: For example, breast cancer CAFs can modulate tamoxifen resistance in breast cancers via activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathways and phosphorylation of ERα at serine 118 [101,102].