CCL2 and diabetic cardiomyopathy: In the heart, myocardial inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration, including the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), contribute to cardiac oxidative stress, and promote ROS generation and alter calcium, as well as affect the downregulation of SERCA2 by IL-1β, thus impairing myocardial relaxation in the early stage of diabetic cardiomyopathy [88,92].