TLR4 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Imai et al. [111] reported that mice infected with influenza virus hemagglutinin 5 neuraminidase 1 (H5N1), SARS, or Bacillus anthracis showed an excessive production of oxidized phospholipids (OxPAPC), which activated the TLR4–TRIIF–TRAF6 signaling pathway and released massive inflammatory factors from macrophages, inducing ALI.