For example, increased glycosylation of N-glycans via overexpression of the enzyme β-1,4-galactosyltransferase I (βGalT1) results in a higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, protection against tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced inflammation, and decreased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis [33]. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.