IGHE and leishmaniasis: Parasite-specific IgE elevation, however, is not only found in most (if not all) metazoan infections but also in several protozoan infections such as malaria (Perlmann et al. 1994), toxoplasmosis (Sin Yew Wong et al. 1993; Matowicka-Karna and Kemona 2014), leishmaniasis (Atta et al. 1998), or invasive entamoebiasis (Aceti et al. 1989).