These analyses also highlighted potential functional relationships of GPNMB (concentrations of the protein product of which are increased in brain samples and cerebrospinal fluid of sporadic AD patients [23]) with a diverse group of genes connected to transcription factors whose regulons were up-regulated with amyloid and pTau, suggesting that GPNMB is a biomarker for a human microglial neurodegenerative activation state central to pathological responses in AD. This evidence concerns the gene GPNMB and Alzheimer disease.