Multiple sevoflurane exposures reduce synaptic function in the developing cortex (Zhou et al., 2019) and enhance HDAC6 expression and activity in the hippocampus of the developing brain, which can decrease synaptophysin and PSD-95 expression and cause synaptic ultrastructural damage and cognitive deficits in adulthood (Li et al., 2019a; Tao et al., 2016). The gene discussed is DLG4; the disease is Cognitive impairment.