Another independent study demonstrated that the plasma concentrations of TNF‐α, IL‐10, and IFN‐γ were significantly higher in PD patients than in control groups (p <  0.001), which were associated with specific changes in gut microbiota.[35] It suggests the microbiota alterations in PD patients associated with aberrant host immune responses are linked with PD pathogenesis. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Parkinson disease.