PPARGC1A and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Moreover, in HFF and ob/ob mice and livers of T2DM humans, there are diet‐dependent increases in ceramide19, 20, 21 and phosphatidic acid (PA) that directly activate hepatic aPKC, which displaces Akt2 from the WD40/ProF platform,19, 20, 21, 43 thus impairing FoxO1 and PGC‐1α phosphorylation and thereby increasing their nuclear localization, transcriptional activities, and expression of PGC‐1α and gluconeogenic enzymes, PEPCK, and G6Pase.