TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: For example, Hue et al. previously reported that Dec1 expression was significantly upregulated in human cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction, while Dec1 deficiency suppressed cardiac perivascular fibrosis and attenuated expressions of p21, TGF-β1, pSmad3, and TNF-α in transverse aortic constriction treated mouse models (Le et al., 2019).