INS and Insulin resistance: For example, auto-antibodies destroy β cells, causing insulin secretion deficiency; lipid mediates activation of macrophages to prominent proinflammatory cytokines and induces insulin resistance (169, 170); chronic high glucose levels and insulin resistance cause increased fatty acid metabolism; the reduced myofilament Ca+ sensitivity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis induce endothelial cell apoptosis, cardiomyopathy (30, 31, 34–36), and neuropathy; and chronic high glucose levels and working strength induce glomerular injury and renal fibrosis (29, 76).