INS and Insulin resistance: The frequently used diagnostic methods for diabetes include fasted or random blood glucose level measurement for preliminary screening, homeostatic model assessment—insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test for detecting the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to glucose and insulin, serum insulin level, homeostatic model assessment β (HOMA-β) and insulin release tests for determining the function of β cells, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for indicating the blood glucose level for the previous 8–12 weeks (28, 33).