RAD51 and carcinoma: Indeed, Pitroda et al. found that the degree of genomic instability in carcinoma cells determined by sensitivity to a specific chemotherapy agent, topotecan, was positively correlated with the overexpression of HR-related genes such as RAD51, BLM, BRCA1, RAD51AP1, RAD54B, BRCA2, RAD51C [72].