TGFB1 and cancer: Compared with patients lacking stromal-activated signatures, patients with stromal-activated signatures showed higher TGF-β signatures, such as the Wnt/TGF-β, fibroblast TGF-β response (fibroblast-TBR), T cell TGF-β response (T cell-TBR), late TGF-β, and cancer-associated ECM (C-ECM) signatures (Figure 2A).