TNF and major depressive disorder: A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials regarding the effects of TNF-α inhibitor therapy on depression and anxiety in people with chronic physical illness, has shown that out of a total of 2,540 patients affected by rheumatic and dermatological diseases, treatment with anti-TNF-alpha induces a small reduction in depression (−0.24; 95% CI [−0.33 to −0.14]; p < 0.001), and anxiety (−0.17; 95% CI [−0.31 to −0.02]; p = 0.02, Abbott et al., 2015).