PCSK9 and acute kidney injury: ,21 To date, a small number of clinically relevant therapeutic oligonucleotides targeting PCSK9 have been described, including ours (Nilsson et al., 2020, Am. Heart Assn., abstract).22, 23, 24 Among the ASOs developed, SPC5001, a 2′,4′-BNA/locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based gapmer ASO against PCSK9 developed by Santaris Pharma (currently Roche),23 had been the most advanced clinical candidate until SPC5001 was shown to induce severe acute kidney injury in healthy volunteers in a Phase I clinical trial,25,26 resulting in the discontinuation of the development of this molecule.