CCL5 and infection: Whereas EPs 7630 or its fractions (each 100 μg/ml) alone (Figure 5, green bar; Supplementary Figure S7) had no major effects on pro-inflammatory (CCL5, IL6, IL1B), IFN-dependent (IFNB1, IFIT1, MX1), or anti-inflammatory (TNFAIP3) gene expression, SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in 10 to 100-fold increased expression of all genes except TNFAIP3 at 48 h post-infection (Figure 5, red bars).