The data also indicated that the treatment adopted here modulated the metabolic state of the PMS rat without either altering the serum level of estrogen or supplementing a constituent capable of interacting with an estrogen receptor to attenuate its activity, implicating that TCM treatment of PMS might be under a different paradigm from the typical treatment strategy of hormone replacement therapy which relieves the symptoms of PMS by supplementing an estrogenic compound to modulate the activity of estrogen receptors. Here, ESR1 is linked to premenstrual tension.