With respect to the upregulated pathways, KEGG pathway analysis showed ECM-receptor interaction, advanced glycation end product and their receptors (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway in diabetics, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathway, African trypanosomiasis, and Epstein Barr-virus infection (all p < 0.05, Fig. 2C). Here, PPARA is linked to diabetes mellitus.