TGFB1 and neoplasm: Likewise, the immune response can then limit tumourigenesis by releasing factors, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor alpha), and TGF-β, in the tumour microenvironment and inducing senescence in tumour cells, generating a positive feedback loop (Braumüller et al., 2013; Calcinotto et al., 2019; Reimann et al., 2010).