INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Moreover, the increased level of IL-1β in human pancreatic cells due to the elevated glucose concentrations and decreased level of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in islets of T2DM patients result in impaired insulin secretion, decreased cell proliferation, and apoptosis of β-cells (Böni-Schnetzler & Donath, 2013).