TNF and ischemia: It has been demonstrated that TNF-α protein is abundantly expressed in brain tissue during ischemia and hypoxia and plays an important neurotoxic role in the pathogenesis and pathology of ischemic stroke by inducing the release of potent vasoactive substances, leading to vasoconstriction, reducing local cerebral blood flow, and increasing capillary permeability to promote the development of cerebral ischemia and edema [28].