TGFB1 and lung cancer: EMT is tightly associated with tumor invasion and metastasis by promoting lung cancer cells infiltration and migration.136 Kim et al. reported that miR-23a is significantly enriched in TGF-β1-treated human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells and is involved in EMT.137 Notably, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are essential components of cancer microenvironment and are involved in development of lung cancer.