Growing evidence shows that exosomal miRNAs play an important role in AD.481,482 MiRNA expression profile alters in the brains of patients with AD.483 APP, β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) are pathologically related proteins of AD.484,485 Neuropathological changes in AD are the consequence of diverse cellular processes, such as alterations of AD relevant proteins and oxidative stress. This evidence concerns the gene APP and Alzheimer disease.