It must be remembered that the fact that CD38+CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection has been well established and could also be used as a marker of disease progression in: primary HIV infection; T-cell activation; residual virus replication in chronically HIV-infected patients receiving ART; virological failure in HIV-infected youths and children receiving ART; and HIV dissemination into the central nervous system [42,77–81]. The gene discussed is CD38; the disease is HIV infectious disease.