PPIB and viral infectious disease: Dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway has been implicated in the onset of diseases, including various cancers as well as viral infections such as influenza virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpesviruses, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among others (20, –, 22, 28, 30, –, 36).