To conclude, the use of t-GADA improves the specificity of identifying T1D without loss of sensitivity relative to autoantibodies to full-length GAD in a heterogeneous population comprising newly diagnosed children with T1D, children with HLA predisposition to T1D, FDRs of children with T1D, and GADA-positive children from the general population. The gene discussed is GAD1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.