IGF1 and nephrolithiasis: Clinically high circulating IGF-I concentration, as in adults with acromegaly, is associated with a higher risk of several diseases [3], particularly higher risks of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders (e.g. insulin resistance), biliary diseases (e.g. gallbladder disease), gastrointestinal diseases (e.g. colon polyps), arthropathy, musculoskeletal disorders (e.g. carpal tunnel syndrome), genitourinary diseases (e.g. kidney stones, enlarged prostate [4]), respiratory disease, sleep apnoea, and some cancers [5, 6].