Risk factors like diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, usage of glucocorticoid, malignant tumors, transplantation-related immunosuppression, chronic renal failure needing dialysis, HIV infection, illicit drug and alcohol usage, and treatment with TNF-α inhibitors were reported as comorbidities in aPTB [14]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.