Interestingly, CEC also modulates T cells through direct cell–cell interaction via PDL-1/PD-1 pathway and expresses genes encoding immune checkpoint molecules (15), so we assume that the absence of CEC not only increases the production of immunomodulated cytokines but also could act as a checkpoint blockade, and the immune checkpoint inhibitors may partially diminish the tumor-promoting effects of CECs as well. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.