Using the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-based oncolytic virus ΔPK, one report has demonstrated that autophagy promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β; and GM-CSF) through the TLR2 activation, and that contributes to the inhibition of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment in melanoma cells (166). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.