CSF2 and neoplasm: In prostate cancer cells, the combination of Ad5/3 fiber-modified oncolytic adenovirus armed with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF) with low-dose of temozolomide (a chemotherapeutic agent) results in the increase of intracellular level of autophagy in tumor dying cells and favors immunogenic cell death, as indicated by elevated calreticulin exposure, ATP secretion, and HMGB1 release (161).