Compared to normal brain, glioma is characterized by increased aerobic glycolysis, leading to hypoxic local tissue, the production of HIF-1α and TGF-β, the activation of immunosuppressive CD4+ T cells and inhibition of NK cell activity, creating an acidic, hypoxic and immunosuppressive TME that is conducive to malignant invasion, metastasis and immune resistance (161–163). Here, HIF1A is linked to central nervous system cancer.