TNF and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Recently, a prospective observational study in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU ventilated with a lung-protective strategy with a diagnosis of pneumonia secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection was demonstrated that the IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels of serum were significantly higher in both COVID-19 and ICU control patients compared with healthy control values (non-COVID-19 critically ill), being that was observed a specific association between elevated IL-6 and severe COVID-19-associated lung injury [48].