VDR and cardiac hypertrophy: As a fat-soluble vitamin, vitamin D, can affect cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory cells by binding vitamin D receptors (VDR) and exert the effects of inhibiting myocardial hypertrophy, protecting vascular endothelium, and regulating inflammatory responses, consequently decreasing the onset risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and improving patients' prognosis [20–22].