VEGFA and cancer: In addition, M2d-Mφ, also known as tumor-associated macrophages, can be induced by IL-6, or A2 adenosine receptor plus toll-like receptor ligands, mainly characterized by high expression level of TGF-β, IL-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), playing essential roles in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis (9).