TNF and COVID-19: In a study on the effects of inflammatory factors released by COVID-19 on cell death, it was confirmed that tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ), two inflammatory factors that were significantly elevated at the end of the inflammatory response, can induce PANoptosis, a regulated and extensive inflammatory cell death mode, and provide a molecular scaffold for the interaction and activation of mechanisms necessary for pyrolysis, apoptosis and necrosis (76, 84).