OSM and inflammatory bowel disease: Interestingly, increased levels of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family member OSM and its receptor have been already detected in patients with active IBD and their presence was associated with failure of anti-tumor necrosis factor a (TNF) therapy (West et al., 2017), suggesting a potential role of the OSMR signaling in the molecular mechanism of IBD-associated tumorigenesis.