There are numerous studies investigated the anti-DM property of TTM and the common therapeutic targets including α-glucosidase, PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), insulin signaling pathways, β-cell function and gut microbiota (Pourcet et al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2011; Li B. Y. et al., 2019; Li J. et al., 2019; Semwal et al., 2021). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.