Lactate has also been shown to trigger calcium signaling (Huang et al., 2008), angiogenesis (Fukumura et al., 2001; Shi et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2002), HIF-1α stabilization (Mekhail et al., 2004), cell death (Graham et al., 2004), suppression of anti-cancer immune response (Fischer et al., 2007) and modulation of gene expression (Moellering et al., 2008; Nowik et al., 2008; Zieker et al., 2008). The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is cancer.