Therefore, we conclude that H. pylori secretes HpHtrA to disrupt all three levels of intercellular adhesions (TJs, AJs, and hemidesmosomes) to obtain access to basolateral regions of the gastric epithelium where it can promote pathogenesis, since loss of function of both, hDsg2 and hCdh1, has been implicated in the development of gastric cancer [48, 49]. Here, FZR1 is linked to gastric cancer.