ATF4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: As reported, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis models, activation of the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway is capable of increasing C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression, further enabling activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome followed by increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, by promoting the pyroptosis of hepatocytes [25].