Hp is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that selectively colonizes the gastric epithelium.93 The infection is a leading cause of gastroduodenal pathology.94 In 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer labeled Hp as a definite (group I) carcinogen for GC.95 Indeed, the infection is the major cause of chronic gastritis that sequentially causes precancerous modifications, namely atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and ultimately, GC. The gene discussed is HP; the disease is chronic atrophic gastritis.