In brief, AFib persistence was associated with the upregulation of NPPB, ANGPTL2, IGFBP2, COLQ, COMP, DNAJA4, DHRS9, and CHGB. Furthermore, AFib persistence was associated with the downregulation of CACNB2, MCOLN3, and BMP7 (Figure 5). This evidence concerns the gene COLQ and atrial fibrillation.