In brief, AFib persistence was associated with the upregulation of NPPB, ANGPTL2, IGFBP2, COLQ, COMP, DNAJA4, DHRS9, and CHGB. Furthermore, AFib persistence was associated with the downregulation of CACNB2, MCOLN3, and BMP7 (Figure 5). The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is atrial fibrillation.