In brief, AFib persistence was associated with the upregulation of NPPB, ANGPTL2, IGFBP2, COLQ, COMP, DNAJA4, DHRS9, and CHGB. Furthermore, AFib persistence was associated with the downregulation of CACNB2, MCOLN3, and BMP7 (Figure 5). Here, MCOLN3 is linked to atrial fibrillation.