IRF1 and COVID-19: Notably, this newly discovered inflammatory cell death signaling associated with severe COVID-19 resembles a non-canonical IFN signaling that similarly compounds TNF-α and IFN-α/β to activate the IRF1/NF-κB/PU.1 axis in increased immunopathies, as observed in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders underlying morbid obesity and metabolic syndromes (69, 129, 132).