Therefore, endothelial senescence can be triggered in the early stage of various human kidney diseases, as p16 expression was found in the nuclei of endothelial cells in human renal biopsy samples from many kinds of kidney diseases in this study (Fig. 5b, Supplementary Fig. S2 online), consistent with the previous findings of glomerular TGF-β1 mRNA expression in patients with kidney diaseases47. Here, TGFB1 is linked to kidney disorder.