STAT3 and liver disorder: Since STAT3 participates in the pathogenesis of liver diseases and exhibits both nuclear and mitochondrial activities15,25–27, we analyzed a new interaction between PDC-E2 and STAT3 in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of human cholangiocytes (NHC) and hepatocytes (Hep-G2) following incubation with a toxic concentration of bile salt (GCDC).