PHF19 and colorectal carcinoma: To further investigate the functions of the above SEs in CRC, we performed xenograft assays with stable HCT116 cells, which showed that repression of PHF19 and TBC1D16 SEs significantly reduced tumor growth, and the expression of target genes was confirmed in randomly selected tumors (Fig. 4G–I, Supplementary Fig. S11G–K).