These include pilocytic astrocytoma (KIAA1549:BRAF tandem duplication, RAF fusions, NF1, FGFR1, BRAFV600E; refs. 6, 7), mixed glioneuronal tumors (FGFR1, BRAFV600E, KIAA1549:BRAF; refs. 8–10), pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (BRAFV600E; refs. 11, 12), infant pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG; NTRK1/2/3, ROS1, ALK, MET fusions; refs. 13–15), non-brainstem pHGG (FGFR1, NF1, BRAFV600E, NTRK2ITD, MET; refs. 13, 16–18), and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG; PIK3R1, NF1; refs. 13, 19). The gene discussed is NF1; the disease is pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.