Moreover, under some conditions, the absence of ACKR-1 may promote chemokine receptor desensitization, suggesting that loss of ACKR-1 expression may provoke either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses on the type and chronicity of inflammation, local environmental factors, etc. There is evidence to suggest that ACKR-1 overexpression reduces the likelihood of metastatic disease in breast cancer (114). This evidence concerns the gene ACKR1 and breast cancer.