Besides VEGF-C,VEGFR-3, and LTB4, infiltration of macrophages into the affected sites promotes the expression of cytokines and inflammatory factors including interleukins (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10), TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and transforming-growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in lymphedema studies (Lin et al., 2012; Miaskowski et al., 2013; Leung et al., 2014). Here, TGFB1 is linked to lymphedema.