PRKAA1 and heart failure: Cardiac AMPK is activated by energy stress in pathological situations (ischemia, heart failure, some forms of pressure overload, ethanol or Paraquat toxicity) and during exercise, by intracellular calcium overload, or by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (though oxidative stress can also inactivate the LKB1/AMPK pathway) (Guo and Ren, 2012; Zaha and Young, 2012; Wang et al., 2014; Marino et al., 2021).